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Face validity was ascertained through structured discussion groups.
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External validity was ascertained by way of stratified random sampling, and obtaining a correct composition and adequate sample size.
Preconceptional obesity, defined as BMI 30 kg m−2, was ascertained through standardized questionnaires.
Prenatal antibiotic use was ascertained through maternal self-report.
Criminal offense status in young adulthood (ages 16 to 21) was ascertained through court records.
All-cause mortality was ascertained through the National Death Index (n = 292 deaths).
Given that previous lung disease exposure was ascertained through self-report, recall bias is possible.
Age of depression onset was ascertained through the SCID and review of medical records.
Number of single coughs was ascertained through viewing LR102 traces.
Functional disability was ascertained through several self-reported variables.
Cancer occurrence was ascertained through linkages with regional tumor registries.
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