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These were item generation, questionnaire construction and face validity, derivation and reliability study (reduction, consistency, test retest reliability), content validity, translation and a validation study of the final instrument (consistency, concurrent validity).
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The face validity of translation and back translations was determined by a group of experts in the clinical and psychological domains.
The questionnaire was translated to Tamil and back translated to English to ensure validity of translation.
The term "linguistic validation" often refers to the process of investigating the conceptual equivalence and content validity of translation of PRO instruments, including forward- and back-translation, review, harmonization, and cognitive debriefing [19, 20]; it does not include psychometric validation, which is nonetheless seen as an important second step for cross-cultural validation [21].
Ten percent of the transcripts were checked by an additional native Telugu speaker to ensure accuracy and validity in translation and transcription; no major faults were found.
To establish good face and content validity, the translation and cultural adaptation of the IPAQ-SF was performed in several steps following the guidelines prescribed by the IPAQ core group http://www.ipaq.ki.se.se
Involving this future target audience in early, developmental phases of the research process, rather than at the end of a study [ 22, 26], can help researchers better incorporate issues related to external validity and translation for use in practice settings into intervention development [ 27– 29].
The PRO Consortium defines LV as the process of assessing and confirming the conceptual equivalence [4, 5] and content validity of translations of PRO measures.
Linguistic validation The process of assessing and confirming the conceptual equivalence [4, 5] and content validity of translations of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures.
This back translated version was checked for validity of the translation.
When translated to other languages the translation validity must be considered.
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