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Known-group validity tables are included in the online Supplementary Material.
These critical appraisal tools frequently contained items regarding data analyses and issues of external validity (Tables 2 and 3).
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The pattern of increasing PSQI means with increasing levels of the validation questions supported PSQI summary score convergent validity (Table 6).
Four studies investigated construct validity (Table 4): The ActivPAL™ accelerometer (step count) was validated against ActivPAL™ (estimated energy expenditure) with strong correlation (r=−0.91) [ 46] and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance-Scale (p<0.05) [ 47].
This validity table does not explicitly report and refute negative evidence.
Chapelle's (1994) validity table interprets Messick's framework in detail.
In addition, each construct also had a good discriminant validity (Table 4).
Using standardized criteria [10], all selected articles were appraised on relevance and validity (Table 1).
The theoretical framework of the present study is based on Messick's (1989) unified validity framework and Chapelle's (1994) validity table.
Also, the AVE of each construct was greater than the shared variances (squared correlation coefficients) between all possible pairs of constructs, providing evidence for discriminant validity (Table 2).
Depending on spatial extent of the data used to calibrate the corresponding submodel, parameters distribution have different geographic validity (Table 1).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com