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The external validity of the articles were scored ranging from 1 (very strong external validity supported by a large study population, random sample, and explicit analysis of context and intervention factors for which generalization is possible) to 4 (weaker external validity based on weak or selective reference population, and weak intervention and context reference).
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The roles of editors involve assessing the external validity of the article with considerations of the appropriateness of the research to the readership of the journal and appointing experienced experts from the same field to review articles [ 21].
The Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias tool [ 16] was used to evaluate the internal validity of the included articles.
The extensive period of time that the two researchers with different backgrounds and preunderstandings spent on the ward strengthens the validity of this article.
As a check for validity of the results, the article manuscript was sent to all English-speaking informants for feedback before final revisions.
Reviewers would primarily assess the validity of the findings in the article, and have a right to veto publication if the findings are incorrect or trivial.
However, the Court determined that 'by the present action, the applicant seeks to call into question the validity of articles 3 and 4 of the directive alone' (para 124), therefore, this plea necessarily needed to be dismissed.
The discovery of fraud in the publications by Reuben et al. and the subsequent retraction of 21 peer-reviewed articles on perioperative analgesia, raised additional severe concerns about what is still known about risks and benefits of COX-2 inhibitreatmentment [ 18] and the validity of review articles including such fraudulent data has been questioned [ 19].
These two literature surveillance journals survey a wide range of international medical journals, applying strict criteria for the quality and validity of research articles.
This type of analysis strongly increases confounding uncertainties that already exist in individual cohorts and puts in question the validity of the final conclusion of the article.
Almost three quarters of the MDS articles investigated the validity of the tool in nursing home residents; no articles exclusively focused on patients in rehabilitation settings.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com