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Notice that in this role, legality is not a moral filter, a moral condition of validity of norms.
More importantly, notice that if you make the legal validity of norms, such as legal principles, depend on moral argument, you allow for the possibility that an entire legal community may get its laws wrong.
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In other words, our claim with respect to the validity of traditional norms does not entail that these norms are ultimately correct, but rather that human reasoners consider them to be correct.
In that case, the nonnormative social fact of custom that constitutes the fundamental norm would make the values relevant to the validity of ordinary norms (Coleman 2001a).
Following dissatisfaction with responses of type (1) and (3) one accepts the applicability and validity of classical norms of reasoning.
So the relationship here is this: efficacy is not a condition of legal validity of individual norms.
But the cosmopolitan condition, which requires the constitutionalization of international law, cannot draw its legitimacy from the international law regime itself or from the putative validity of humanitarian norms.
Moreover, the validity of monolingual norms that are used in standardized tests may also be problematic.
Nor can it be a social fact, for Kelsen maintains that the reason for the validity of a norm must always be another norm -- no ought from is.
Legal validity of a norm now entails that the norm was either created by official communication and survived interpretive scrutiny or that it bears a certain relation, defined by the general point of legal practice, to such survivor norms.
For example, some suggest that everyone affected by some proposed norm should be a participant in the public use of reason regarding the validity of that norm, provided they are willing to engage in a respectful justificatory dialogue with others (e.g. Bohman 2003).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com