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This paper presents different ways to deal with these model validity constraints during optimal experiment design.
The solution approach is based on Lagrangian relaxation, improved with validity constraints derived from the finite set of all possible combinations of mean demand and variance.
The nonconvex conditions can be convexified for hysteresis switching controller design by imposing practical validity constraints, and for ADT switching controller design by adding equality constraints on some of Lyapunov variables on the switching surfaces.
Furthermore, the use of Google Translate comes with its own validity constraints.
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The chemical validity and constraints are now imposed through the use of conventions and XSLT/XPath.
This is necessary, but not sufficient for ODM validity (additional constraints need to be considered).
Without requiring conducting complex approximations, performing rotation update on the SO(3) manifold implicitly ensures the validity of the constraints.
However, despite these constraints validity and reliability of both questionnaires was reasonable (19, 20).
While this type of modelling strategy produces simultaneous estimates of age, period, and cohort effects, it has been criticized in the statistical literature because the results are sensitive to the constraint chosen, and there is no empirical way to confirm the validity of the chosen constraints [2], [3], [8].
The Young's modulus and Poison's ratio measurements on specimens with different lattice orientations confirm the validity of the design constraints.
Most importantly, harvesting between-subject variability in response shape can improve predictive validity, but only under constraints on plausible response forms.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com