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This marriage would be valid according to Spanish law, but did not imply automatic validity according to the foreigner's national law.
While Abdul Haseen Fahim had only a share in each of these companies, his presence, like that of Mahmoud Karzai, a brother of President Hamid Karzai, helped to curtail scrutiny of the loan's validity, according to diplomats.
Legal validity, according to this view, is entirely dependent on the conventionally recognized factual sources of law.
In this study, we used the Japanese version, the ROS-J, and checked the reliability and validity according to Fujisawa and Takayama (2014).
Messick's view of validity, according to McNamara (2001), emphasizes "the social and socially constructed nature of assessment" (p. 334) and is therefore highly relevant to English language assessment in the Chinese context.
But, this decision is also linked to the limitation that the study lacks generalizability, which constitutes a further crucial criterion of validity according to Messick (1995), but is not primarily being dealt with within this article.
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Indeed, a measurement instrument that is validated according to rigorous validity criteria can objectively assess subjective phenomena.
In fact, it was this recognition of the powerful, political nature of tests that led Messick (1996) to propose his of-cited unified validity framework, according to which social values and consequences are to be counted as validity evidence or lack thereof, provided that there is substantial evidence linking the consequences to the test.
For all tests, validity criteria according to OECD 208 [3] were checked.
In addition, we discuss the validity threats according to the classification provided by Wohlin et al. (2000).
We also carried out a validity assessment according to the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com