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Across the phases of validation, respondents reported 28 different first languages and interviews were conducted in 8 different languages (49.6% IsiZulu, 15.3% English, 12.8% isiXhosa, 6.4% Luganda, 6.3% SeSotho, 5.4% Runyoro, 3.9% Runyankole and 0.4% SeTswana) (N = 720; language data not collected for remaining 399 carers).
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It may also have been useful to use respondent validation since respondents reactions to emerging findings can help to refine explanations [ 61].
As with the validation survey, respondents were offered a nominal remuneration of less than 1€ to compensate for their time.
The findings and analyses were generated through careful and deliberate approaches, with built-in steps of reflection and validation with respondents, peers and theory.
We have no independent validation that respondents actually do have MS; however, as there was no incentive for participating, there would be little incentive to enter false data.
For inclusion in the validation survey respondents were required to be adults diagnosed with T2D, receiving medication, and knowing their current HbA1c level.
A major strength of our study lies in the level of validation by respondents that we achieved through ongoing engagement with participants, 35 three of whom provided "participant reviews" before we submitted this manuscript.
At least 220 participants per population were recruited to assess the relevance, reliability, and utility of each survey item as follows: cognitive interviews, 10 participants; reliability testing ≥ 10; item reduction ≥ 50; and final validation, 150 respondents.
Proxy and validation: 1) Respondent characteristics; 2) health state descriptions; 3) chronic conditions and health service coverage; and 4) health care utilization.
Respondent validation was obtained by asking respondents to indicate on a five point Likert scale whether initial findings reflected a true representation of their opinion or that of the group (97% either agreed or strongly agreed).
Respondent validation may have proved useful since respondents' reactions to emerging findings can help to refine explanations and can strengthen the rigor of thorough qualitative research [ 35].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com