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Of those, 3,504 respondents consented to participate in the survey, were adults, and passed a validation question which ensures that respondents were carefully reading each question.
Our cohort is therefore sufficiently powered to ask this straight-forward validation question.
^ VQ denotes "validation question".
(2) Analysis of the validation questions: Each validation question (VQ) was given a score representing the sum of the ratings by all reviewers on that specific validation question.
Our cohort is sufficiently powered to ask this straight-forward validation question.
Finally, we compared the odds of responding the validation question positively between responders and non-responders, using three different models.
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The pattern of increasing PSQI means with increasing levels of the validation questions supported PSQI summary score convergent validity (Table 6).
For this reason, this study addresses the following validation questions: (1) Do entrepreneurs show the considered variables of SoF (negative knowledge, responsibility, fear of failure)?
Next, ranges of the validation questions were calculated.
Five validation questions were developed and a validation survey was established online.
Differences between the validation questions were considered significant when p-value is ≤ 0.05.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com