Consider, for example, quantum mechanics that is the single most experimentally well-validated understanding of basic physics ever proposed in the history of science.
Thus, there are several faculty-development models based on use of conceptual inventories with validated evidence on student understanding of key biological ideas.
The challenge in drug discovery is the identification of a specific inhibitor for a validated drug target, and an understanding of its downstream effect.
We further present a validated system for advancing our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of complex behaviours using a fish model.
Similarly, there are no validated instruments to assess patients' understanding of the benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention and we relied on an instrument that we had used previously 17 and that seemed to be accurately understood by patients.
The biology education community has just begun developing validated tests to measure student understanding of key biology principles (Klymkowsky and Garvin-Doxas, 2008; Smith et al., 2008), and one such test is available on natural selection.
Further understanding of the validated sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of Kanavel's signs for pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis diagnosis could lead to the addition to or refinement of the classic Kanavel's signs and aid in the diagnosis of an ailment that often is misdiagnosed and can be difficult to ascertain in pediatric or immunocompromised populations.
The survey incorporated validated attitudinal instruments including the Short Understanding of Substance use Scale (SUSS) [ 51], Attitudes Toward Injecting Drug Users (ATIDU) [ 52], and Health Professionals Attitudes Toward the Homeless Inventory (HPATHI) [ 53].
To our knowledge, no validated tool designed to assess undergraduate science students' understanding of ocean acidification exists.
Interventions based on a clear understanding of the mechanism of CC, using validated markers relevant to the underlying metabolic abnormalities implicated in CC are much needed.
