Further, the groupings of questions focused on students' motivations to persist and factors in choosing their majors, which echo portions of the validated Motivational Sources Inventory (MSI) (Barbuto and Scholl 1998).
A validated student motivation questionnaire was administered to both groups of students at the start of the study and a second questionnaire was administered at the end of the module.
These survey instruments were based upon two validated scales for measuring motivation (with language modifications) and have established face validity; however, language has been altered and reorganized.
Motivation was measured by a non-validated question: 'to what extent are you motivated to take measures to avoid getting diabetes?' (1 = 'to a very high degree' to 5 'not at all').
Further, the application of psychosocial models to understand physical activity motivations as well as culturally appropriate and validated measurement tools are largely absent in the Native-American physical activity literature.
This framework will serve to guide the theoretical basis of our proposed study, since it also will make use of a validated instrument comprised of a set of questionnaires to measure motivation (Barbuto and Scholl 1998).
Furthermore, future research should also investigate if patients' therapy motivation or stage of change as assessed by validated disorder-specific measures [ 60– 62] are a predictor for a clinically significant change.
Approach and avoidance behavior can also be modeled by data from a validated keypress procedure [14] [21] that is used within an intrinsic motivation-like framework in which no external rewards are provided [22], [23], yet participants can produce variable amounts of work [24], [25] to modulate the time of stimulus viewing.
Furthermore, no validated instrument is currently available to specifically assess physicians' teaching motivations in undergraduate medical education.
Further, the questions on choice of major and motivations to persist in major reflect several subscales within the validated MSI (Barbuto and Scholl 1998).
The first three questions of the focus group were developed to explore the constructs of interest and motivation and are presented below, along with their derivative question from the validated MSI instrument.
