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It uses established and previously validated items for diagnosis and to measure disability and depression.
The development of our survey was carried out in two steps: (1) collecting validated items from previous research and (2) large scale analysis.
The EOL-DM climate questionnaire, existing of 35 items, based on the Appropricus questionnaire (11 items concerning EOL care practices) and extended with 24 validated items concerning key conditions to provide good EOL care: interdisciplinary collaboration and communication (Interprofessional Practice and Education Quality Scales (IPEQS, 11 items) and leadership skills (LBDQ,13 items) (1, 2,3).
Where possible the survey used standardized, validated items and scales [15] [19].
Permission was granted to include previously validated items in the midwifery student survey.
Functional health literacy (FHL) was measured using three previously validated items (15).
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We used the FSFI-6, a validated item-reduced version of this measure [ 16], in order to minimise questionnaire length and respondent burden.
The research team used a mixed methods approach to generate, evaluate and validate items for the taxonomy.
Item-scale correlations ≥ 0.40 were considered to validate item convergent.
We used validated survey items to assess most of these variables [ 14, 15].
Patient satisfaction with health care was measured using a previously validated 12-item 60 point scale.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com