Attitudes towards the management of minor ailments were evaluated with the validated Nijmegen Expectation Questionnaire as part of the health interview [ 24].
The brief, validated, outcome expectations scale [ 45] contains 9 questions that ask about physical and mental benefits and are used to assess outcome expectations.
There was a lack of standardised or validated measurement tools for expectation [ 14] although a number of measures have been used in specific contexts or for specific conditions [ 34- 37].
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Cognitive interviews have not been used when developing previously validated questionnaires of treatment expectations [ 13- 15], even though cognitive interviews have been used when developing other questionnaires designed to assess patient reported outcomes [ 16, 17].
Towards this objective, as part of a study to develop a validated questionnaire for assessing expectations of patients initiating CAM therapies for chronic back pain, we interviewed experienced CAM providers concerning their perceptions of what patient expectations are when they seek CAM therapy and how they attempt to manage these expectations.
To test this set of responses, we adapted four items from Mao's validated "Acupuncture Expectancy Scale" expectations of acupuncture [ 35, 36] (Mao)a: 1) "my pain will improve a lot"; 2) "I will be better able to cope with my pain"; 3) "my pain will go away"; and 4) "my energy level will improve".
The validated resolution is expected early next week, but the wording is unlikely to change.
To our knowledge no validated questionnaires on referral, treatment expectations, previous weight loss attempts and other treatment outcomes are available.
In addition, patients documented a translated 8-item-set of a validated index of the need and expectation for medical information, the autonomy preference index (API) [ 22, 23].
