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The first (JKA) and second author (MÅ) performed the study selection, which was validated in duplicate.
The accuracy and precision of the AAS analytical method were validated by duplicate analyses of AA standard: Ultra Scientific Analytical Solution, a standard reference material, Matrix water with dilute 2% HNO3.
The genotyping results were validated by duplicate genotyping with 10% of the samples (Table 1).
Hence, increase of acetic acid concentration in bioreactor was calculated and validated in duplicate non-inoculated D-stat test experiments producing an average standard deviation of 1.24 mM between calculated and measured acetic acid concentrations.
Portion size of vegetables, meat and starch-based foods will be assessed by three brief questions which have been validated by duplicate 24-hour recall measures in 7-year old children (Haszard J, unpublished manuscript).
For example, when 50 samples are analyzed and multiple comparisons are corrected with the Bonferroni procedure, samples can be validated when duplicated through at most 9 or 14 attempts, depending on the fragment size considered.
All the samples were validated in duplicates.
Data validation tools were also used to validate the duplicate data entry.
Individual and household data were entered into EpiData version 3.02 (EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark) and validated with a duplicate data file.
The model was also validated by successfully duplicating the evolution of the D (mostly related to the electronic band dispersion) and D′ band linewidths with decreasing La down to 5 nm.
All genotyping assays have been previously validated, and 5%% duplicates and blanks were included as quality controls during genotyping.
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