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Performance was tested by a new, ecologically valid word search task.
For each sound, the total number of times each valid word appears was counted across all labellers.
The proposed encoding allows finding a valid word in the dictionary for a given permuted word (represented using the proposed approach) using only a single operation– calculation of Hamming distance to the distributed representations of valid words in the dictionary.
Scrabble considers it a valid word (only 9 points, though).
Finally a Lexical decision making was measured through the Spot-the-Word test [15] which comprises of 60 questions and requires participants to indicate which of two items is a valid word.
An example is a valid word that exemplifies the concept [ 21].
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The average number of valid words generated per person per sound is calculated.
The proposed encoding scheme can be used as an additional processing mechanism for models of word embedding, which also form vectors to represent the meanings of words, in order to match the distorted words in the text to the valid words in the dictionary.
In the case of t(s) > p l, we use 2t(s) + 1 in the estimate (11) since it is the minimum distance between two valid words of the code, one of which is the correct error pattern and the other is the wrongly decoded error pattern.
When searching for the word "anagram," meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?" In Google Maps, searching for directions between places separated by large bodies of water, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo, results in instructions to "kayak across the Pacific Ocean".
This phenomenon is similar to the game in which one word is converted to another word, one letter at a time, subject to the rule that all the intermediate steps are also valid words: for example, the word WORD can be converted to the word GENE as follows: WORD→WORE→GORE→GONE→GENE.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com