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But insofar as they are capable of explicating the conditions for valid or correct utterances, they also explain why some utterances are invalid, some speech acts unsuccessful, and some argumentation inadequate.
Although the event expressed by a "non-root modal + Perf have" sentence was metaphysically possible or necessary (depending on the quantificational force of the non-root modal) at the relevant past time, by using the metaphysical modal sentence the speaker implies that the metaphysical possibility or necessity did not materialize, and is no longer valid, at her utterance time.
In addition, the metaphysical reading of 18b comes with a strong counterfactual implicature that the possibility for Zhangsan to win the game did not materialize, and is no longer valid, at the speaker's utterance time.
That is to say, the metaphysical possibility is no longer a valid one at the speaker's utterance time.
However, verbal utterances of experiences are not random but represent valid intra-personal cognitive sampling processes [ 34].
However, the utterances clearly reveal that the pre-service science teachers desperately look for a valid informant.
And in their utterances.
These are modern utterances.
Valid question.
Reporters scratched her utterances into their notebooks.
His utterances rang of frankness and sincerity.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com