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In short, Table 2 suggests that (1) the composite index is valid to test whether the information asymmetry problems affect capital structure decisions, and (2) the variability of corporate finance measures affecting information asymmetry comes from the cross-section (among firms) rather than from the relative change in each company (within firms).
Since it is not statistically valid to test multiple divisions with corrections for multiple sampling, rigorous statistical evaluation is achieved by defining divisions in a training set and then validating them in an independent non-overlapping validation set.
Because periodontal pathogens are likely to be associated with peri-implantitis, it appears valid to test for periodontal disease-causing bacteria before implant therapy and ascertain the risk of per-implantitis.
Liu et al. [2002] avoid having to estimate these nuisance parameters by showing that even in the presence of unobservable population stratification, it is still valid to test the null of no genetic effect via a score test, since population stratification has no effect on the null distribution of the test.
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Conclusions: Periodic shift of the support base may be a valid protocol to test the ability to control balance in the elderly, and may be a useful tool to assess age-related changes of the sensorimotor mechanisms underlying dynamic equilibrium.
Fourth, visualization tools are usually easy to install and it might therefore be a valid approach to test different software suites.
Of those even fewer propose any suitable and valid methods to test the level of confidence, tolerability and acceptability of a hand hygiene product under real work conditions [ 7, 11].
As a consequence of the difficulty in diagnosing some injuries with autopsy, standard autopsy appears not to be a valid reference standard to test the performance of the PMCT in some cases [ 27].
It is imperative that research investigating vocal competencies in apes is forthcoming to provide a valid comparison and also to test whether the monkey evidence is a case of convergent evolution.
The lower performance of Kit A in this trial may have derived from the adaptations introduced and the conclusions drawn are therefore only valid regarding its adaptation to test reindeer sera as required by the aim of this study.
And: "Despite the authors' arguments in their response, I still argue that it is not valid at the group level to test across slices and subjects.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com