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In a six-page decision rejecting a request from alternative schools for exemption from the Regents exams, Mr. Mills said that the schools could not be excused because advocates had failed to present evidence that portfolios were a valid substitute for the test.
How confident we must be that a surrogate endpoint is a valid substitute for the endpoint of primary interest is debated [ 44, 45].
The equation, with the use of routine biochemical variables, needs to be confirmed in free-living populations but can be recommended as a valid substitute for the direct measurement of serum osmolality in existing data sets and could usefully be used to screen for current dehydration in clinical situations.
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For instance, caffeine is only one out of the many different compounds contained in coffee, and thus caffeine intake is perhaps not a valid substitute for measuring the total effects of coffee consumption.
In the present study, the histomorphological evaluation of all three intestinal segments did not show signs of degeneration or inflammation, suggesting that MM could be considered a valid substitute for FM in the diet of sole.
In the past few years, collagen matrices (CM) have been studied as a valid substitute for free gingival grafts, in particular the porcine CM Mucograft (Geistlich Biomaterials GmbH, Baden-Baden, Germany).
Therefore, it would also be interesting to determine whether Taiwan's administrative data set can be utilized to provide meaningful information for computing ICD-based CMI in the search for a valid substitute for Medicare CMI in non-American healthcare settings.
It's apparently a very old idea going back thousands of years, and we know that in pseudoscience circles age is a perfectly valid substitute for "evidence that is actually works".
Therefore the use of sheep suppressively treated with effective anthelmintics appears to be a valid substitute for gastrointestinal nematode-free lambs in field experiments.
This study reported that oral fluid was a valid substitute for serum sampling for patients on chronic oral morphine therapy.
With an accuracy of 92%, it can represent a valid substitute for traditional approaches, which are costly, time-consuming, and potentially unreliable.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com