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After identifying all the valid phrases in our training dataset, we could readily determine whether or not a word is part of a phrase.
If such a phrase candidate was repeated somewhere else in the same article that it originated from, and was also found in at least one other article in our dataset, we considered it a valid phrase.
For example, the document PMID 17850624 contains the word ' migration ', which is part of ' neuronal migration ', a valid phrase with multiple occurrences in 17850624 and other PubMed citations (e.g. PMID: 18075253).
Many people do not accept 'comprised of' as a valid English phrase for any meaning.
In fact, you could argue that the professor raised some valid, if unfortunately phrased points when talking about the use of beauty creams.
But it was stamped with the phrase "Not Valid for Employment".
As stimuli, we used the compound remote associate problems [43], where each problem consists of three test words (e.g., back, clip, wall) and the subject needs to generate a solution word (paper), which forms a valid compound word or phrase with each of the three test words (paperback, paperclip, wallpaper).
The same is not true of dietary supplements, which need only to be tested using, in the F.D.A.'s phrasing, "appropriate, scientifically valid methods".
In Missouri, for instance, a D.P.O.A. isn't valid unless it includes the phrase "in the event of later uncertainty as to whether I am dead or alive".
In a preliminary ruling last week known as a Markman Order, the California federal judge overseeing several of Acacia's patent-infringement cases agreed that while seven of the underlying definitions that form the basis of the company's patent claims were likely valid, 12 other terms or phrases were debatable.
And I think this phrase is still very valid.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com