Sentence examples for vacuum speed from inspiring English sources

where h and c are Planck's constant and vacuum speed of light, respectively.

The third term accounts for the simulated photons; σ se is the stimulated emission cross section of DCM, and c is the vacuum speed of light.

Compared to normal structures, our new designed nonlinear photonic crystal coupled cavity waveguide owns group velocity that is three magnitudes smaller than the vacuum speed of light.

In our study, the central wavelength is assumed to be λ0 = 1.5 μm and the frequency can be obtained as ω0 = 2πc/λ0, where c is the vacuum speed of light.

The transition from the echo ranges measured in the so-called virtual space (where the difference between the group speed of the high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic waves in plasma and the vacuum speed of light is neglected) to actual spatial coordinates is essential for accuracy of our analysis.

The refractive index is related to how much the speed of light is reduced through a material, compared to the vacuum speed, and the dielectric constant tells us how much the electric field is attenuated in a substance, compared to vacuum.

The considerations discussed are described by design of an actual magnetic levitation turbomolecular pump with rated high-speed vacuum pumping speed of 4100L/s and ultra-high vacuum of the order of 1.8 × 10−7Pa.

Electromagnetic radiation (including light) always propagates in a vacuum at speed c. (To see why c is held to be limiting speed, see Mermin (1968, Chapter 15) and Nahin (1999, pp. 342 353 and Tech Note 7).

In addition, the parametric variation due to leakage, setting pressure and vacuum pumping speed will further complicate the problem.

The design characteristics of a molecular drag pump, such as, ultimate vacuum, pumping speed, compression ratios, and the efficiency have been experimentally determined.

The cell free supernatant was concentrated (20X) using a vacuum centrifugation (Speed Vac AES 1010, Savant).