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By October Edison and his staff had achieved encouraging results with a complex, regulator-controlled vacuum bulb with a platinum filament, but the cost of the platinum would have made the incandescent light impractical.
In 1881 82 William J. Hammer, a young engineer in charge of testing the light globes, noted a blue glow around the positive pole in a vacuum bulb and a blackening of the wire and the bulb at the negative pole.
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All had traditional vacuum incandescent bulbs.
Nondeteriorating items tend to be small and relatively inexpensive (e.g., light bulbs, vacuum tubes, ink cartridges).
Without Corning's ribbon machine, electric light bulbs, vacuum flasks and cathode ray tubes would have been far costlier and more fragile affairs.
Building on the experimentation of others, Edison had devised a practical method for generating illumination by running a current through a rudimentary filament — a carbonized strip of cardboard — encased inside a vacuum-sealed glass bulb.
The new one used transistors and semiconductors instead of the vacuum tubes and neon bulb of the original, invented in the 1920s by the Dutch physicist Balthasar van der Pol.
Yet vacuum tubes -- glass bulbs with internal elements that control electricity in much the same way that silicon circuits do in modern electronics -- also have a following outside the professional recording studio.
Scattered about us are torn underwear, the stubs of plane tickets issued three years ago, half-eaten turkey sandwiches, spent light bulbs, ironic "vacuum tube" radios from the 1950's, and books.
Conventional bulbs are vacuum tubes.
To help with maintenance, many small buildings hire part-time supers who come in weekly or more often to sweep sidewalks, vacuum the hallway, change light bulbs and take out the trash.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com