The results suggest that depending on the combinations of differing assumptions on the possible long-term vaccine effects, the cost-effectiveness profile of each PCV may vary widely.
Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that the adjuvants which activate innate immunity are effective for the induction of vaccine effects [ 12].
To differentiate vaccine effects from bias, we traced the vaccination-mortality association day by day before, during, and after flu season at Kaiser Permanente in Northern California.
With lower vaccination coverage in children, the decline in indirect vaccine effects occurs at lower values of R.
The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) increased to 10,293€/QALY when the vaccine effects on HPV6/11 diseases were excluded.
The vaccination rate of elderly subjects who expressed concerns regarding adverse vaccine effects (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15-0.78) or who were worried about practical barriers to the vaccination process (OR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05-0.31) wasignificantlylowerwer than in other populations.
If there's a p-value of 0.04, it says the probability is only 0.04, or one in 25, that you would have seen results in the magnitude that you saw or even larger if there were not true vaccine effects.
Clinical trials of CMV vaccines in women should evaluate protection against cCMV infection, an essential precursor of cCMV disease, which is a more practical and acceptable endpoint for assessing vaccine effects on maternal-fetal transmission.
