Sentence examples for vacancies form from inspiring English sources
Sometimes vacancies form nanocavities [17].
More oxygen vacancies form in Ag/c-CeO2 than in Ag/r-CeO2.
The reduced state (Ce3+) associated to oxygen vacancies form defect states that are responsible for the down-conversion emission.
Theoretical modeling [14,27,28] and transmission electron microscopy [29] of the SrTiO3 surface suggest that oxygen vacancies form linear clusters in SrTiO3, which may explain the (2 × 2) RC as pairs of oxygen vacancy clusters.
The primary transport mechanism differs substantially from that observed on crystalline surfaces, in which small numbers of highly mobile adatoms or vacancies form and subsequently diffuse over substantial distances.
Similar behaviors were also found in TiO2 layer by Gu, in which neutral oxygen vacancies form as Ti-O bonding is broken at the set process, resulting in valence electrons surrounding the Ti atoms via the transformation of V o ' ' to V o 0 confirmed by the first principle calculation[37].
The type of vacancies formed depends upon the synthesis conditions and techniques used [24].
Since there are oxygen vacancies in the ZnO NRs, the interstitial hydrogen can be trapped inside oxygen vacancies, forming HO.
Previous studies have shown that oxygen vacancies formed in photoelectrochemical reactions play an important part in the efficiency enhancement.
This strongly suggests that vacancies formed only when phase transformation occurs.
Specifically, Mn3+ cations can be present both within octahedral layers and (or) adsorbed above layer vacancies, forming triple-corner-sharing complexes (TCMn3+; Fig. 1 in [45]).
