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To distinguish which variants are present in each stage, we performed RT-PCR utilizing primer sets across exon boundaries.
Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out on a Lightcycler480 (Roche) using either SYBR green or UPL technologies (Roche) utilizing primer sequences specified in Table S2.
To examine if the recombination that we detected in the PBMC DNA was representative of the replicating viruses, we performed nested PCR utilizing primer pair sets aimed at the detection of putative recombination sites on RNA obtained from plasma from each animal (File S1).
Out of 600 water samples, 57 positive samples were detected by PCR and gel electrophoresis utilizing primer targeting 18S rRNA gene of the protozoa (Table 1).
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Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), utilizing primers designed to amplify known isoforms of VEGF revealed expression of two predominant forms, VEGF120 and VEGF164 and northern blot hybridization detected VEGF mRNA of 4.5 kb.
After southern blot confirmation of homologous recombination in cell and animal lines, a PCR genotyping protocol was developed utilizing primers 2-30 (5'-agacttgagtgtgcagggttgagg-3'), 2-32 (5'-gccgggtattcgagtggaggaggt-3'), 2-Q (5'-aatcacatcaggcgagggaggtct-3'), and N-5 (5'-ttggctacccgtgatattgctgaa-3').
The Q212P mutant was constructed using the QuikChange™ kit (Stratagene) utilizing primers 5'-CGC GTG GTT GAG CCG ATG TGT ATC ACC C-3' and 5'- GGG TGA TAC ACA TCG GCT CAA CCA CGC G -3' and HuPrP 90-231, M129) as template.
RT-PCR experiments were then performed utilizing primers spanning clones 1E05 and 2dB01 and their neighbouring LongSAGE tags.
For each potential viral sequence, we first used nested RT-PCR to examine which unit contained the target sequence, utilizing primers designed based on the deep-sequencing results.
Briefly, the complete S-gene was amplified by RT-PCR, utilizing primers S-F1 and S-R1 [ 21], followed by direct sequencing of the RT-PCR product using a series of nine sequencing primers (Additional file 2: Table S2).
The products of PCR, as well as the products that were cloned into plasmid pcDNA3.1Zeo+ were sequenced in both directions, utilizing primers A and B, or primer T7, respectively (Hospital for Sick Children).
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