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For the most part, previous studies utilized depression scales to assess depressive symptomatology.
In fact, many studies have utilized depression scales despite limited data regarding their validity with young people.
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Some of the reasons for why the studies of depressive disorders found differing associations with adherence to cART were likely attributed to the differences in whether they utilized specific depression screening measures/symptom rating scales (CES-D, BSI, PHQ) or standard diagnostic tools of depressive disorder (SCID, MINI, CIDI) to define the variable of "depressive disorder".
We adopted the cut-off point of 8/21 for either anxiety or depression utilized by Bjelland et al [29].
Binomial regression models predicting depression utilized forward selection model building with total concussion history as the main exposure.
The BDI is one of the most commonly utilized measure of depression among adolescents and adults by clinicians and researchers alike [ 22].
The latter studies utilized measurements of depression that were strongly related to the mental health scale of the RAND-36 of this study (r = 0.81) [ 27, 36, 46].
To assess depression, we utilized the nine item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [ 25] that corresponds directly to the DSM criteria for major depression.
Commonly utilized self-report depressive symptom scales include the 27-item Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the 30-item Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, and the 33-item Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) [ 10- 12].
More recent work investigating late-life depression has utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
On the contrary, baseline HDRS scores, baseline MADRS scores, depression scale utilized, gender and age are not associated with placebo response for both escitalopram and rTMS studies - except for baseline HDRS scores in rTMS studies (B = 0.52, p = 0.04), i.e., depression severity associates with a large placebo response.
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