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To guarantee the consensus, control protocols based on the reduced-order observer are designed to utilize the relative outputs of neighboring agents whose communication topology contains a directed spanning tree.
To monitor the convergence of our algorithm, we utilize the relative residual norm defined by [19] res=left|right|left|mathbf{F}{mathbf{x}}^{(t)}right|-mathbf{b}left|right|_2/left|right|mathbf{b}left|right|_2.
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Supplemental dissipative devices can be applied to increase the energy dissipation capacity of the coupled system by utilizing the relative displacements at the vertical wall-to-frame connections.
The proposed technique utilizes the relative position of the tip diffraction echo to the corner reflection echo in an ultrasonic B-scan image to estimate the crack length and the crack inclination angle.
For determination of crack opening load, a modified ASTM compliance offset method called the normalized ASTM offset method is proposed, which utilizes the relative compliance offset normalized by the maximum offset obtained by the ASTM offset method.
The proposed method utilizes the relative density information obtained from a solid topology optimization to automatically determine the diameter of each individual strut in the structure, which collectively represent the set of design variables.
For calibration, three models were applied to simulate urban growth trends in 2010; the actual data of 2010 were used for model validation utilizing the Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Kappa coefficient methods Consequently, future urban growth maps of 2020 and 2030 were created.
In vivo prostate MRSI utilizes the relative or absolute concentrations of the metabolites such as choline, polyamines, creatine and citrate, as cancer specific biomarkers, with 98%% of cancers demonstrating an elevated (choline + creatine)/citrate ratio greater than the ratio for normal tissue (Fig. 4) (Westphalen et al. 2008; Scheenen et al. 2015).
Understanding and utilizing the relative strengths and weaknesses of QTL mapping and GWAS can aid in dissecting the genetic basis of a complex trait.
More recently, an entropy-based approach which utilizes the relative gain of information, as well as its standardized measure, has also been proposed [ 14].
Quantification-FISH (Q-FISH), a technique that utilizes the relative signal intensity of a target signal compared to a control probe [ 15], showed that there is a gain of CNV14q12 material [see Additional file 3].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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