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The utilization of multiple exons 1 of the aromatase gene in breast tissues was investigated by RT-PCR as previously described [ 28].
Comparison of aromatase mRNA levels according to preferential utilization of multiple exons 1 of the aromatase gene in carcinomas from the elderly (EldCa), normal tissues from the elderly (EldNorm), carcinomas from controls (ContCa), and normal tissues from controls (ContNorm).
Patterns of preferential utilization of multiple exons 1 of the aromatase gene were compared by χ2 test for independence or Fisher exact test for independence using a contingency table.
In cancerous tissue, there have been many studies to elucidate the DNA-binding proteins, transcription factors, and co-regulators that regulate the alternative utilization of multiple exons 1 [ 42, 43].
In regard to breast carcinogenesis, switching of the preferential utilization of multiple exons 1, exon 1b to exon 1c/1d, has been suggested to be responsible for the abnormal expression of aromatase and consequent overproduction of local estrogen in tumors [ 22, 23].
To determine which types of multiple exons 1 are used, RT-PCR analysis was carried out, and the relative utilization preference of exons 1 was fluorometrically determined as shown in Figure 2. Utilization of multiple exons 1 in each tissue category (EldCa, EldNorm, ContCa, and ContNorm) and mean levels of aromatase mRNA according to which exons 1 were used are summarized in Table 1.
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The specific utilization pattern of multiple exons 1 in elderly breast tissue has not been reported elsewhere.
We therefore studied the possibility of designing a single AON capable of inducing simultaneous skipping of multiple exons.
The three validated genes are composed of multiple exons.
The three genes are composed of multiple exons and map to 2q12.2, 1q25.3, and 5q11.2, respectively.
These genes consisted of multiple exons.
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