Conditions that are important to health workers cannot all be captured as a national-level phenomenon: the quality and security of accommodation available; the working conditions, including presence of utilities and availability of basic supplies to support effective work; and the sanitary and other infection prevention conditions cannot be effectively compared and summarized across countries.
At present immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression seems more favourable than gene expression analysis in bladder cancer, but neither of them seem to improve upon the utility, simplicity and availability of tumour necrosis.
Identified gaps included: (1) discordance in the definition of PTB (i.e., 28 34 weeks or less than the 8th month, but with a corresponding fetal weight ranging 500 to 2300 grams); (2) utility and regional availability of antenatal steroids for prevention of preterm infant morbidity and mortality; (3) need for antenatal referral for at-risk women, or with symptoms of preterm birth.
The deepening gap between the potential clinical utility of the Ki67 LI and availability of robust measurement methodologies is reflected by the St Gallen 2013 consensus [ 21]: while the cut off <14% remains in the definition of the Luminal A-like tumours, a majority voted for the threshold of ≥20% to define "high" Ki67 status.
The effect of the location and availability of utilities, the closeness to residential area, unintended safety concerns, people outlook towards hydrogen, etc. are some of the factors that can be readily studied with such drop-in stations.
An asset approach was used as a measure of socio-economic status [ 56]: the questionnaire included details of the construction material of the housing unit, ownership of certain consumer items (working radio, television, refrigerator, bicycle, motorcycle, car) and availability of utilities such as electricity and piped water.
We chose the EQ-5D over other health utility measures, such as the Short-Form Health Survey-6D, because of its simplicity, sufficient responsiveness to changes in health states, relatively wide range of utility scores generated by the instrument, and availability of preference weight for our study population (11, 14).
Considering the abundance, safety and availability of FFPE tissue, the utility of combining MALDI IMS with LC-MS/MS samples enriched by laser capture microdissection of histology specimens is an important advancement for biomarker discovery demonstrated by our study.
However, cost and availability of skilled technicians may greatly hamper its utility in resource-poor settings, similar to microbiologic testing.
First, the utility has the ability to introduce a real-time pricing scheme, based both on the demand for and availability of electricity at that time.
