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For complication utilities, we used the TTO method to elicit utilities for life with blindness, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), lower-extremity amputation, chronic angina, and stroke (7).
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The definition may also include personal utility for life planning, encompassing return of information on predispositions to untreatable late-onset conditions.
We elicited the utility function for life duration by means of a risk-free method [ 22] for this purpose, and employed the adjustment procedure of Attema and Brouwer [ 8] to adjust the TTO results for the elicited discounting results.
The QBM assumes that the utilities of life for a healthy smoker and a healthy quitter are 1.
Furthermore, we investigate the role of discounting by adjusting for utility of life duration curvature.
Utilities for quality of life assessment were derived from real-life data, using the FRACTAL registry for the medically treated patients using SF-12 and patients ablated at the authors' institution, as well as those enrolled in the A4 trial for derivation of the scores in this cohort based on the SF-36 questionnaire.
The utilities for quality of life expected at 60, 70, 80 and 90 years were calculated using the expected EQ-5D health profiles and the Dutch EQ-5D tariffs [ 2].
The methods maximise the utility of life expectancy estimates for population health monitoring and planning on a yearly basis while avoiding calculation failures, minimising SEs, limiting over-smoothing and reducing bias of estimates.
The utility of life is assumed to vary between 1 (for perfect health) and 0 (for death).
The third theme that arose was "utility of life", defined as life being "good for something more than itself".
Utilities for calculating quality-adjusted life expectancy were based on ongoing studies and are summarized in Table 3[ 39, 40].
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