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2 5 Studies that have utilised standardised measures of disease-specific distress (ie, instruments measuring breast/ovarian cancer worry) have demonstrated higher prevalence levels.
Physical therapists, particularly in orthopaedic practice, have traditionally focused on the measurement of impairments such as pain, range of motion and muscle strength, but have not utilised standardised measures of activity and participation.
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Many of the studies using questionnaires reported that the tools were designed specifically for the study, rather than utilising standardised measures.
We have identified a population of 3623 women in largely cross-sectional surveys who have recorded their psychological state utilising valid standardised measures of both anxiety and depression.
Limitations: Many studies lack appropriate control groups and standardised measures of symptoms and diagnosis.
26 29 Standardised measures of effect (ORs, standardised mean differences) were calculated to aid comparison.
Standardised measures of depression, anxiety and cognitive function were used, although stress was not measured.
These outcomes can be conceptualised as standardised measures of the effectiveness of a quitting program.
Descriptive statistics for the standardised measures of the psychoneurotic symptoms were used.
The majority of studies defined depression using a psychiatric interview (applied in a semistructured or clinical interview) but a minority utilised standardised rating scales (Murphy, 2002).
These studies investigating long-term quality of life of cancer survivors predominantly use standardised measures.
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