At first, it utilised postcards, phone-a-thons, sit-ins, church groups, rallies and campus organisations, but its reach grew enormously when it embraced technology.
For example, future systems for remote X-ray consultation may utilise smart phones with large screens, which are sometimes preferred to an iPad due to their portability.
Smart-phone applications and mobile phone technologies are being utilised increasingly, not only as diagnostic tools for clinicians, but also as self-monitoring tools for individual patients [ 45- 48], although the validity of the scientific information presented has been questioned, particularly in relation to those applications used by consumers [ 49].
However, there are many other situations where this kind of two-way communication between mobile phones and a central database could be utilised; for example, biodiversity research, where multiple researchers record details (and photograph) the presence and distribution of a particular species.
It instead operates entirely on the phone by utilising reality-reality.
For example, EpiSurveyor (www.episurveyor.org) allows the use of standard Nokia mobile phones for the collection of text-based data and has been utilised in resource-poor areas of Africa for many kinds of data collection.
The simple telehealth intervention utilised in this project required patients to use a home, electronic sphygmomanometer and text via a mobile phone.
In spreading propaganda, one tactic utilised by the group stood out - a specially created app that, when willingly exposed on a person's phone, would tweet co-ordinated propaganda messages worded by IS, carefully timed not to fall foul of Twitter's spam filter.
Every empty space was utilised.
