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Optimal utilisation of protein for preterm infant growth depends on an adequate non-protein energy intake.
It has been shown that low energy intake reduces utilisation of protein in reindeer [ 26], and the combination of little energy and relatively high protein content in the diet may therefore cause a problem.
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Carbohydrates are important to balance the utilisation of proteins and lipids in catabolic pathways for energy production (Whyte et al. 1989) and also regarded as the principal energy reserve for adult marine bivalves; both for gametogenesis and during food deficiency especially in winter time (Reid 1969).
Another source of N-losses is from inefficient utilisation of absorbed protein for maintenance and for synthesis of milk and body protein (Tamminga 1992).
Human proteins were produced by cell-BALs during treatment of ischaemia-induced liver failure pigs, but not in control-BAL treated animals; the graphs show concentrations that reflect BAL biomass production and any utilisation of those proteins by the pig; data are shown as concentrations in whole system, taken from pig blood samples and AUC analysis is also shown in legend.
A challenge associated with the utilisation of bioenergetic proteins in new, synthetic energy transducing systems is achieving efficient and predictable self-assembly of individual components, both natural and man-made, into a functioning macromolecular system.
From this plot it can be seen that throughout the whole fast the contribution of fat to the total daily energy utilisation exceeded that of protein.
However, a remarkable sparing of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from catabolism was apparent and most certainly attributable to 1) the reduced dietary supply of these nutrients, and 2) the preferential utilisation of excess dietary protein for energy production.
That is, the utilisation of fat and protein is not a simple linear reflection of their availability in the body.
Our laboratory has been exploring the utilisation of PTK and protein tyrosine phosphatase genes as biomarkers in human gastric cancers (Refs 34, 35, 36).
We can define the relative utilisation of fat and protein by a ratio (Rfat; the proportion of total energy utilisation that comes from fat): (22) R fat = E fat / (E fat + E prot ).
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