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In many studies, cultural capital is usually operationalized as having knowledge of highbrow culture and being able to manipulate the system to reproduce advantages (Van de Werfhorst, 2010).
In the U.S.A., social disadvantage is usually operationalized as individual socioeconomic status (SES) and measured by such individual factors as income, poverty, education, and other social circumstances.
Consequently, in experimental studies of resilience in children, the construct is usually operationalized as adaptive functioning, demonstrated in the outcomes of mental wellbeing, social competence, and academic achievement [ 3, 5, 22].
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Social capital is most commonly operationalized as trust in others (8), participation (9), and shared values.
Educational activity will be operationalized as started or completed education as registered in the Education Statistics by Statistics Norway (SSB).
In western literature, healthcare utilization is usually operationalized into multiple dimensions.
The responding parent (which was usually the mother) were additionally were queried regarding maternal and paternal age, education (operationalized as any secondary education versus none) and tobacco consumption (current, occasional, never).
A discourse can be operationalized as follows.
The other independent variables are operationalized as follows.
Herein, road usage is operationalized as functional road categories.
Affordability was operationalized as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.
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