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These empirical equations have been mostly constructed in some ways by leveraging regression procedures on experimental data, usually laboratory observations (thus from small/medium scale experiments).
Usually, laboratory mice are fed a standardized chow diet, a closed formula diet in which the exact amount of each ingredient is not disclosed by the producer.
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Usually laboratory-based criteria of liver and renal toxicities are explained by ALT and/or ALP and BUN and/or creatinine values, respectively.
Measurements of blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) would provide the most reliable information on a key biological counterpart to alcohol consumption but are invasive and thus not feasible outside of very limited, usually laboratory-based studies.
These usually are laboratory rather than commercial methods.
These numerical values are usually platform, laboratory and method dependent and cannot easily be used to compare across datasets so including them might be confusing to users.
Clinical presentation of erythema migrans is pathognomonic, and therefore, usually no laboratory tests are necessary for diagnosis [ 26].
The majority of tests, for most networks, were analysed in a location remote to the primary care centre (usually a laboratory or hospital) and therefore did not influence immediate management decisions.
Usually, most laboratories in resource-limited settings use the labor intensive standard biochemical tests to identify M. tuberculosis complex, which requires subculture of mycobacteria on solid media and delay the result by several weeks.
Tests offered by a single laboratory usually do not need approval from the Food and Drug Administration before they can be sold.
And even when studies do ask whether performance changes after a stretching program, they usually involve artificial laboratory situations, said Christopher Morse, an exercise physiologist at Manchester Metropolitan University in England who has published papers on stretching and reviewed the stretching literature.
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