How, and why, do we use written language differently when addressing different audiences?
The most widely used written language was Middle Persian, better known as Pahlavi, which remained in use with the Zoroastrians into Islamic times.
In contrast to formalized media (press or scientific articles, books, even web pages), which have to conform to certain standards and/or size and form limitations, the user comments are, in the studied cases, not bound by form constraints other than necessity to use written language (with the exception of limit of the comment size in YouTube, which had only a minor effect).
Most deaf adults use written language and consider it their second language; however, a considerable percentage of congenitally deaf people struggle with written texts [ 22, 23].
Eugenia Behar, a psychologist who works on the programme and has an autistic daughter, says: "We use writing, language and pictures to talk about relationships.
Short of using a written language to any appreciable degree, many of them developed relatively advanced material culture and social organization, as evidenced by the archeological record, for example judged by the presence of richly furnished, dynastic "princely" graves.
"I think emoji need to be used alongside written language to be used in any kind of sophisticated way," says Gavin, pouring cold water on any burning emoji desire to take over the world.
All the more so perhaps for classical Chinese, which, outside of ritual declamations, was only ever used as written language.
IEA defines reading literacy as the ability to understand and correctly use those written language forms required by and/or valued by individual societies (Campbell et al. [2001]; Mullis et al. [2006]; Mullis et al. [2009]).
According to Mullis et al. (2009) reading literacy is defined as "the ability to understand and use those written language forms required by society and/or valued by the individual.
