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Following genome annotation, each protein-coding gene was conceptually translated using Translation Tool (v.3.1) [ 56] using the Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code" option.
This version was then translated and back-translated in local languages using translation protocols from both the WHS and INDEPTH HDSS sites.
The basic idea of this approach is very simple: it is to translate a sentence by using translation examples of similar sentences.
As this was a multinational study program, the SOBDA questionnaire was developed in US English and translated into 38 languages using translation best practice guidelines [ 15, 16].
All translations (except the Iranian translation) were performed using translation and back-translation by bilingual translators.
Tamil language versions of all instruments were created using translation and blind reverse translation; i.e., a professional counselor translated from English to the respective local language and independent translators performed the reverse translation, blind to the original version.
Similar(19)
In the early 1990s IBM tried to build a French-English program using translations from Canada's Parliament.
Starbucks and Sotheby's, however, both won their cases against Chinese companies using translations of their names.
Using translation-deficient defective interfering murine hepatitis virus (MHV) RNAs it was also shown that PTB is required for MHV replication [21].
The study by Muthumani et. al [11] used Vpr recombinant protein which was co-incubated with the DC and Majumder et. al. used DC transfected with HIV Vpr+ proviral constructs [12] whereas in our study Vpr expression is achieved using translation-competent RNA electroporated into the DC.
To confirm the role of PRDM16 in cardiomyopathy, Arndt et al 33 performed knockdown of the zebrafish ortholog of PRDM16 using translation-blocking morpholinos.
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