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Here we describe a method for using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen from bee tissues to gain an integrated signal of which habitats a bee has foraged in over its lifetime, using three species of social stingless bee (Apidae: Meliponini) in a fragmented tropical forest landscape in southern Costa Rica as a test case.
Here, the aim was to compare three main groups of fatty acid-recovering methods by using three species of microalgae with different types of cell walls: Phaeodactylum tricornutum, with an organic cell wall [ 29, 30]; Nannochloropsis oculata, with its robust algaenan cell wall [ 31, 32]; and the comparatively fragile Isochrysis galbana [ 33].
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Using two species of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum, Park studied the efforts of competition caused by overcrowding.
We built a model using four species of endemic passerine birds in order to evaluate the case in an Atlantic Forest area, a biodiversity hotspot.
Using two species of pet slider turtles (Trachemys venusta and Trachemys scripta elegans), she taught the dog to sniff and touch the turtle's shell with her nose and then to retrieve them.
Using two species of mice with differing parental tendencies the monogamous oldfield mouse and their close relatives, deer mice, which tend to veer toward promiscuous behaviour scientists at Harvard University conducted a study that could lay the groundwork for figuring out if human genetics work similarly.
To investigate the environmental conditions required to establish a nascent mutualism, one study reported a synthetically designed mutualism using two species of bacteria [9].
The final trees were rooted using four species of the genus Petrobia as outgroup.
For more sophisticated analyses we chose a smaller dataset focussed on Lophotrochozoa (26 species) and using four species of Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia representing the outgroup to Lophotrochozoa.
We provide two example data sets [ Additional file 1]: Example 1 is from a descriptive study made in the wild [ 12], where two morphs of Littorina saxatilis (RB and SU) meet and hybridize on some micro-habitats from the rocky shore; Example 2 was obtained from a multiple choice experiment in the laboratory using two species of Drosophila (Table 2a in [ 6]).
The data set we will use here as an example was originally obtained by Marshall and Swift [ 33] using four species of sand dollars: Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz) (De), Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck) (Ep), Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske) (Ls), and Mellita spp. (Mt), with sea biscuit Clypeaster rosaceus (Linne) (Cr) as outgroup.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com