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These additional questions were formulated by three of the authors (ML, MS, MAS) using the wordings in the Act (G3, G4, G5, G6) and applying the same type of wordings for the questions about staff information and support.
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However, SHIP-0 and HNR used the following wordings: SHIP: "Have you ever undergone gynaecologic surgery?
Thus, we first applied an emic approach to code the data into analytical categories conceived as meaningful to the communities using the respondents' definitions and wordings.
The aim was to obtain a single Malay translation which had similar conceptual meaning with the English MCDASf using the most suitable and simple wordings in Malay.
Hence, it was validated that the same results could be gained when using the term "cost" with different wordings as a search term, eg, in comparison with "costs", "cost of illness", "cost minimization", cost-effectiveness", "cost utility", and "cost benefit".
Two authors then evaluated the instructions, response categories, and wordings of items using the QAS-99 Question Appraisal System [ 42] leading to some minor adjustments.
Local dependency, which means that some items are still correlated after the same underlying concept has been taken into account (e.g., the same wordings), was examined using the correlations (r) of the Rasch residuals between every two items.
Using the startup's dashboard, users can see that, of the different wordings for their Google ads (for example) one particular ad copy phrasing has been far more successful than its other pilots.
Response choices are generally considered appropriate when: Wording used in responses is clear and appropriate (e.g., anchoring a scale using the term normal assumes that patients understand what is normal).
(10) We use the standard abbreviation 'a.s.' for the wordings 'almost sure' or 'almost surely' throughout the text.
For instance using different wordings or a different scale.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com