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The data were transformed using the variance stabilization transformation (VST) [37] and normalized using the robust spline normalization (RSN) [36].
The data were then transformed using the variance stabilization transformation algorithm (VST) and normalized using the quantile normalization method.
Signal was transformed and normalised using the variance stabilization algorithm as implemented in the vsn2 [ 32] Bioconductor [ 33] package.
Gene expression values were obtained by first correcting for the background and normalizing on probe level using the variance stabilization method by Huber and colleagues [ 55].
Outputs from the DAVID analysis, including levels of genes from each process within the four synovial groups as defined by their t-statistic values and P-values, are available in the Additional files 1 and 2. The external dataset GSE21537 was downloaded from the GEO database, and was normalized and background-corrected using the variance stabilization and normalization (VSN) for microarray.
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Global normalization of all arrays within a specific analysis experiment was achieved through the use of the variance stabilization normalization method described by Huber et al. The post-normalized data is reported as generalized log2 (glog2).
In particular, the variance stabilization transformation was used, followed by quantile normalization.
Normalization was then performed using the voom variance-stabilization function in the R-package Limma [ 102], whereby samples were corrected for gender.
Normalization was then performed using the voom variance-stabilization function in the R-package Limma [ 38], and samples were corrected for sex and transformed to log2-counts per million to approach normality.
The definition of the score Z d (5) is similar to moderated t-statistics, used in a series of papers on variance stabilization ([ 1, 7] and references sited therein), but principally differs from them in that the variance stabilization is defined through the variance of null features log FC distribution (12) and to a limited extent through the features' internal variance.
Data were normalized with the variance stabilization transformation algorithm (Bioconductor vsn package) and genes with significant change (P < 0.05, log-fold-change > 0.5) were recorded.
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