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Statistical significance of the clumping was determined using the standardized effect size (SES), which compares the computed distances to those calculated by randomly swapping the tips of the regional phylogenetic trees; 10,000 randomizations were performed.
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For the additional items, we used the standardized effect size (SES) and standardized response mean (SRM) to calculate the responsiveness characteristic of two of the additional items and the total score of the rating items.
To measure the responsiveness of the WOMAC-SF, we used the standardized effect size (SES), defined as the mean change score divided by the SD of the baseline scores, and standardized response mean (SRM), defined as the mean change score divided by the SD of the change scores [ 38].
Though dAFT-MDR is based on a binary value as the original MDR, it can adjust the covariate effect using the standardized residual of the AFT model, whereas the original MDR cannot adjust the covariate effect.
Evaluation of the immunosuppressive adverse effects using the standardized scoring system was completed once (or twice during inter-rater reliability phase) during a single clinic visit for each patient in this cross-sectional study.
Comparisons with the carryover effect were conducted using the standardized residuals of survival at metamorphosis regressed against survival after metamorphosis.
The intervention effect was estimated using the Standardized Coefficients of the SF-36 domain scores and summary scores (PCS/MCS), and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of job satisfaction and Gynecological disease for the 6-month follow up relative to the baseline.
Effect Size (ES) calculation was made using the standardized mean difference method.
βConstancy is the slope of the fixed effect representing the radionuclide activity meter assessed using the standardized constancy.
Instead of comparing the means of the treated and control groups using the standardized mean difference, we had to define the group as our unit of analysis and use as the effect size the standardized mean change index, which is methodologically weaker than the former effect size.
We chose to use the standardized differences together (standardized effect sizes and standardized increments) in order to allow comparability between continuous and dichotomous outcomes [ 15].
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