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Data analysis was performed in the Unscrambler X 10.1 software, taking second derivative spectra (Savitzky-Golay second order) to remove slowly varying baseline effects and then normalized using the standard normal variate (SNV).
They show that the test statistics from the ECM and ADL estimations are asymptotically normal when the nonstationary variables are appropriately instrumented.1 Test statistics are free of the nuisance parameter problem and can be evaluated using the standard normal distribution, thus simplifying inference in cointegration models.
The p-value was defined as the probability of obtaining a specific range of z-scores using the standard normal distribution.
Each spectrum was background corrected using the standard normal variate (SNV) [ 73].
The 95% confidence intervals and the p-values were based on an asymptotic approach by using the standard normal distribution.
Each MeHg exposure is associated with a specific IQ loss, determined using the standard normal IQ distribution.
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For inferences regarding the capacity coefficient, we used the standard normal scale statistic (z) derived in Houpt & Townsend (2012) to test individual-level deviation from the UCIP model.
We used the standard Normal theory to calculate the power to detect a HR of a certain size [32].
For planted elements, we chose the mean value from the exponential distribution with λ=1/2 and used the standard normal distribution for remaining elements.
Spectra were first transformed using the standard-normal-variate (SNV) for scatter correction.
Different levels of rate variation were simulated using the standard deviation of the normal distribution from which the natural logarithm of the rate was sampled.
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