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F0 was analyzed using the software Praat (Version 5.1.17).
From these recordings we later took amplitude measurements using the software PRAAT (version 4.6.09, freely available at www.praat.org) [18] of those note types for which we also measured beak gape and OEC expansion on the X-ray videos.
All stimuli were normalized to an intensity level of 75 dB using the software PRAAT.
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S+, positive stimulus; S−, negative stimulus We used the software PRAAT (Boersma 2001) version 4.6.09 freely available at www.praat.org to generate four synthetic tokens of the syllables "deet" (/dit/), "dit" (/dIt/), "doot" (/dut/), and "dut" (/dUt/) based on an earlier study (Curtin et al. 2009).
Amplitude and pitch measures were obtained by using the software package PRAAT 5.3.17 (Boersma & Weenink, 2014).
For frequency analyses we used the software 'Praat' (Boersma and Weenink, 2011).
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Labeling was independently performed by the two authors, both of whom were Mandarin-Min bilinguals as well as trained phoneticians, using the Praat software (Boersma and Weenink 2009).
Phonetic realizations of all the target syllables were independently labeled by the two authors, both of whom were Mandarin-Min bilinguals as well as trained phoneticians, using the Praat software (Boersma and Weenink 2017).
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