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The marketing capability construct was measured using the scale developed by Vorhies and Harker (2000).
Fundus eye examination was performed by an experienced ophthalmologist after mydriasis, and diabetic retinopathy was classified using the scale developed by the Global Diabetic Retinopathy Group (10).
Parental emotional support was assessed separately for each parent by the adolescent using the scale developed by Schaefer and validated in a previous Canadian study [ 13, 37].
- IADL-E Lawton: the ability of subjects to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADL-E) was measured using the scale developed by Lawton and Brody [ 49].
Quality assessment was carried out using the scale developed by Downs and Black which is appropriate for assessing randomized and non-randomized studies [ 17].
Attitudes to the pregnancy/fetus will be assessed using the scale developed by Reading et al (1984) [ 34] by measuring the difference in mean scores between women in both arms of the trial.
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This study has used the scale developed by Spanos and Lioukas (2001) that consists of market and financial performance.
For the assessment of respondents' desire for social distance we used the scale developed by Link et al [ 17].
Most of the included studies used the scale developed by Sampson and colleagues [ 117] as part of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighbourhoods to measure these concepts.
Market orientation is measured using modified scale based on the scale developed by Jaworski and Kohli (1993).
The feeling of self-efficacy for physical activity and adopting a healthy diet will be measured using a modified version of the scale developed by Marcus et al. [ 31], which has good-retest reliability [ 16].
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