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The paleointensity estimates from oceanic gabbros are converted to a virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) using the present day latitude of the drilling Sites (24°N for the Leg 153 samples and 30°N for the Exp. 304/305 samples).
Using the present day distribution of haplogroup lineages within a population group as proxy for historical relations is debatable, since group memberships are, and have been, fluid and might be more so for certain population groups than others.
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For comparison with δDwax and δDvg source waters the pedogenic carbonate δ18Ocarb source water was converted to deuterium values using the present-day local meteoric water line of δD = 8.44*δ18O + 15.91 for 26°S from Rohrmann et al.21 (Table S2 and Figs 3 and S9 21.
However, some patients still do not achieve excellent or even good results using the present-day devices.
The temperature profiles of the Martian lowlands (Northern Plains) and highlands (Solis Planum) were calculated every 1 billion years by using the present-day crustal abundances of radioactive isotopes 235U, 235U, 232Th, and 40K and their half-lives (Fig. 4).
We have calculated a scenario for one million years using the present-day global ocean volume (1.37 × 1021 L) but alternative calculations can be quickly performed for different volumes (e.g., if the Hadean ocean had twice the volume of the present-day ocean, the NH4+ concentrations in Fig. 12 and Tab 7 would be 50% smaller).
The first state maintained highway to serve Cheney using the present-day route of SR 904 was the Central Washington Highway, added to the state highway system in 1913.
We use the present-day offshore sediment volumes for constraining the total Cenozoic erosion, and we find that a likely pre-Cenozoic fluvial landscape is only in few places more than 1 km higher than today.
We use the present-day distribution of subduction zones from van Keken et al. [ 2011] and, for the lack of precise information of this distribution for the early Earth, we assume this distribution to have remained constant through time.
Lower Hybrid Current Drive is recognized as one of the most efficient technique used in the present day tokamaks.
This mode is used to the present day on most conventional operating systems and is illustrated below.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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