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Dietary variables were energy-adjusted using the multivariate nutrient-density method.
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We adjusted for total energy intake using the multivariate nutrient density method [ 25].
For energy-adjustment, we used the nutrient residual method (energy-adjusted) and performed sensitivity analyses using the multivariate nutrient density method [ 32].
Dietary variables, except the meat mutagens, were energy adjusted using the multivariate nutrient density method; residual adjustment did not alter our findings (Willett, 1998).
We adjusted for total energy intake using the multivariate nutrient density model, by computing nutrient density for each variable expressed in mcg (or mg) per 1000 kcal of intake and including total calories as a continuous variable in the model [ 30].
Nutrient density was calculated by dividing the estimated intake of fatty acids, vitamin D and other nutrients by the total energy intake (i.e., the multivariate nutrient density model) [ 28].
Substitution with plant protein was only significant in the multivariate nutrient density model (model 1) (β 1080 [42 2117] g/5y), but lost significance after further adjustment for vitamin C and fiber intake.
Each macronutrient was explored independently using a multivariate nutrient density model to adjust for change in energy intake.
We used a multivariate nutrient density model by including total energy intake and energy percentages of protein and other macronutrients in the multivariate Cox regression model.
Nutrient intakes were energy-adjusted using the multivariate residual method [ 20].
Energy-adjusted intake was calculated using the nutrient-density method [34].
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