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In this study, structure parameters, atom column distances in particular, are estimated from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images using the ML method.
As mentioned in the introduction, building shadows were extracted using the ML method [2], the active-contour-model-based segmentation method [10], the mask-based method [12], etc.
A similar construction is adopted in this paper, using the ad hoc estimators presented at the beginning of Section 4, instead of using the ML method to estimate the distribution parameters of each DCT coefficient.
A new estimate for (hat a) may be obtained using the ML method which is accordingly given as ( hat a = mathop {arg max }limits _{a}F hat a hat delta,hat lambda,boldsymbol {r}),) where, F hat a hatdelta,hatlambda,boldsymbol{r})=lnprod_{k=1}^{N} f_{mathrm{r}}(r_{k})=sum_{k=1}^{N} ln f_{mathrm{r}}(r_{k}). (4).
Then we reconstructed the phylogenetic tree using the ML method (PhyML) [21] under GTR+G and the NJ method (MEGA4) [19] under K80+G [20] (the GTR+G model is not available in MEGA4).
We found that the swine flu viruses are not clustered correctly by using the ML method with the J-C model (figure 4(a)) and the origin of A H1N1 virus is not clear by NJ method with Kimura model (figure 4(b)) since A H1N1 genomes are all very far away from other genomes.
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The hypothesis of positive selection was tested using the ML methods implemented in the CODEML program of PAML v4.2 [25], [25] and in the HyPhy software from the Datamonkey cluster [26].
Majority rule (50%) consensus trees were constructed using the Ml methods [ 33].
Majority rule (50%) consensus trees were constructed using the Ml methods [ 22] and the tree was viewed using TreeView [ 23].
The effects of constraints using the ML methods will be illustrated by application to the E. coli K12 chromosome.
The Codeml program uses the ML method to detect positive selection.
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