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We compared the effectiveness of the different alignment algorithms by using the likelihood values returned by maximum-likelihood phylogeny.
We next examined the difference in the models selected using the likelihood values from the quick NJ-JTT base tree and those of fully optimised ML phylogenies produced using all of the individual models (see methods).
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To determine the appropriate value of K, we conducted hierarchical likelihood ratio tests using the likelihood value from the last iteration of the Markov chain for each pairwise comparison between K = 2 and K = 4.
We compared both likelihood values using the Likelihood ratio test (LRT) with the degrees of freedom being the number of branches in the tree minus 1. D.M performed the functional divergence analyses and the selective constraints analyses.
For each pair of nested models the log likelihood values are compared using the likelihood ratio test (LRT).
Finally, the range of estimated heritabilities and the ratio of significant estimates (p < 0.05) were calculated for every expected heritability value, using the likelihood ratio test as described in the RLR SIM package 2.0-12 2.0-12
To identify which factors contribute to the selection pressure, a forward selection procedure is employed, in which the most significant association is iteratively added to the model, with p-values computed using the likelihood ratio test.
Results are reported as unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values, calculated using the likelihood ratio test (LRT).
38 Comparisons between each intervention group and the control group were tested using the likelihood ratio test and a P-value <0.05 indicated statistical significance.
Interactions were assessed using the likelihood ratio test to estimate p-values; in each test for interaction, models that included the interaction term were compared with those that did not.
The genetic variation was reported as the variance component corresponding to the random genotype effect in each model, with a P-value computed using the likelihood ratio test (LRT), a conservative estimate since the true asymptotic distribution of the LRT is a mixture of chi-square distributions [ 42].
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