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In this study, accuracy was obtained by standardizing the estimated covariance between DEBV and DGV using the genetic variance.
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The value of using the genetic standard deviation of residual variance was emphasized already in Mulder et al. [ 11] where they refer to it as the genetic coefficient of variation.
Within each species, genetic structure was quantified by within-population FIS and among-population FST indices using FSTAT, and AMOVAs were used to partition the genetic variance into among-population and among-individual within population components.
In order to consider macro- and micro-environmental sensitivity simultaneously, the model for phenotype y in Equation (2) was extended with a linear reaction norm model to estimate genetic variance in macro-environmental sensitivity, whereas the residual variance model using ψ estimates the genetic variance in micro-environmental sensitivity or environmental variance.
Comstock and Robinson (1952) devised one of the most powerful and widely used experimental designs that can be used for partitioning the genetic variance: the North Carolina design III (NCIII).
Taking into account the reduction in variance due to inbreeding, or using the additive genetic variance from generation 20 or 21, gave a PEV reliability that matched the reliability of selection within the bounds of sampling.
Response to selection by MABLUP using Method A or Method B were compared with that obtained by MABLUP using the exact genetic variance covariance matrix, which was estimated using 15 000 samples from the conditional distribution of genotypic values given the observed marker data.
An AMOVA was also used to partition the genetic variance among groups, among populations within groups and within populations.
The variance of DGV for any particular window (across all animals) were used to compute the genetic variance of that window.
The approach is similar to [ 14] where sliding windows of five consecutive SNPs are used to estimate the genetic variance of chromosomal regions.
The following equation was used: where is the genetic variance, var(h × y) the herd year variance, p the proportion of uncensored animals and genetic variance = 4 * sire variance.
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