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Effect sizes were calculated using the formula (Mpre-Mpost)/SDpre.
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Cohen's d was used to calculate within-group effect sizes using the formula (Mpre - Mpost)/SDpooled.
The extragalactic extinction is calculated using the formula from.
The interstellar extinction is calculated using the formula from.
Using the formula.
By using the formula y = y'-b.
More precisely, using the formula ΔCT=Avg.
Use the formula: an average of 10 leaves per bunch.
Use the formula: Use the formula:.
Use the formula.
Use the formula EVSI = EMV' - EMV*.
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