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We assessed the patients' quality of life by using the first question of the WHOQoL-8 that asks the patients to rate their general quality of life on a five-point scale (poor, very poor, neither good nor poor, good, very good) [18], and we used the HADS for assessing anxiety and depression [19].
General health status will be assessed by using the first question from the RAND-36.
Patients' appetite was assessed using the first question from the original 44-item ADAT used in the Haemodialysis Study Group [ 8].
General health was assessed using the first question of the Short Form-12 [ 15], to indicate those reporting poor or fair health and comparing with those reported, good, very good or excellent health.
Self-perceived health was measured using the first question on the Short Form-12 (SF-12) questionnaire ("Overall, how would you rate your health during the past 4 weeks?").
In line with the study by Maynard and colleagues [ 2], the perceived overall state of HRQOL (using the first question of the SF-36) of the surviving patients with AKI and those without AKI seemed acceptable and showed no significant difference between the two groups.
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24 The most important differences are that, in the regressions using the second question, the Black dummy variable is often negative and significant when we control for ideology; in addition, the fraction of illegal immigrants at the state level does not have a significant effect.
It was clear from the start when Mr. Obama made sure to use the first question — from a college student worried about finding a job — to jab Mr. Romney for opposing the way the president went about the auto industry bailout of 2009.
We used the first question of the SF-36 as a primary approach to estimation of the patient's HRQOL.
Two questions were used, the first question evaluating the need of care ('Can you bite and chew hard foods like an apple without difficulty?'), and the second question dealing with the use of health care resources ('When was your last visit to a dentist?').
Furthermore, we compared HRQOL before ICU admission and 6 months after ICU discharge with those of the 60- to 70-year-old age group of the general Dutch population [ 22] and used the first question of the SF-36 as a measure of perceived overall health status.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com